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Tramadol Impact on Central and Peripheral Neurotransmitters and Its Toxic Effect on Brain Regions
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| Author:
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JAMELA JOUDA, ASSAL G. ALSHAMMARY, RAFAL N. ABBAS, MAHDI S. JUMAA, NOOR J. MOSA
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| Abstract:
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The aim of this work is studying tramadol impacts, within the safe dose (?400mg/65kg body weight), on neurotransmitters concentrations in the brain and spleen as lymphoid organ compared to the kidney as a non-lymphoid organ and its toxic effect on defined brain regions. The type of mice were used in this work is male Balb/c mice. These mice were divided into adult and young groups. Every age group was divided into three subgroups (n=8 mice); H group consumed 40mg TM/kg daily, D group consumed 20mg TM/kg daily, and control group (C) consumed only water ad libtum. The mice were sacrificed after one month. The brain, spleen and kidney were collected and homogenized to measuring levels of noradrenaline (NE) and acetylcholine (ACH). The histopathological changes were detected only in the cerebellum sections of mice consumed tramadol which showed a decreased number of Purkinje cells and loss of their distinctive shape. While there were no differences in NE level in the kidney, significantly higher NE levels in the brain and spleen of the young and adult mice consumed TM were detected. ACH levels increase significantly in the brain, spleen, and kidney of the young and adult mice consumed TM. All these changes were more severe in the mice consumed high TM concentration. As a conclusion, tramadol consumption has very dangerous impacts on the central and peripheral nervous systems. In addition to its histological effects, it could cause hyperactivity of the parasympathetic system, which could result in a very dangerous impact on all body organs, and hyperactivity of sympathetic nerve system, which could result in many dangerous impacts of our immune system. These impacts happened also when tramadol dose not exceeded than 400mg/daily and increase with an elevation of tramadol dosage.
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| Keyword:
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Tramadol, Acetylcholine, Noradrenalin, lymphoid organ, and brain
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| EOI:
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-
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| DOI:
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https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2020.SP2.154
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| Download:
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