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Tramadol: Clinical Applications, Psychological effects and Toxicity
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| Author:
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RAZIE EGHTESADI, SOMAYE SAFAVI, NEDA VAHED, SARA AZADI, ALI KEYHANI, MORAD RASOULI-AZAD, AMIR GHADERI
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| Abstract:
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Tramadol is considered opioid-like analgesic with serotonin and monoamine reuptake inhibition property. This
drug is used worldwide and is listed in many medical guidelines for pain management. Tramadol because of
monoaminergic activities and opioidergic,has long been used as a well tolerated alternative to other drugs in
moderate pain. Also, tramadol has less effect on the respiratory center than morphine and tends to control pain
better on movement than morphine. Also, this drug when inject has less abuse potential. It produces analgesic
action by exhibiting central serotonergic receptors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) catecholamine, and agonistic
activity to mu-opioid receptor. Long-term use of high doses of this drug may be link to physical dependence and
withdrawal syndrome; it is also possible that it can cause mental health disorders. Tramadol have several adverse
effects, so the tramadol must choose carefully for pain management. There are a few evidence of seizure induced
by tramadol at therapeutic dose. In addition, subjects with medical history of illicit drug abuse, seizure, alcoholism,
epilepsy, head injury and metabolic disturbance have more possibility of seizures when treated with tramadol. The
purpose of this review is to evaluate tramadol drug, clinical applications, complications, physiological and
psychological effects, toxicity and toxicity.
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| Keyword:
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Tramadol, Clinical Applications, Psychological effects, Poisoning, Toxicity
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| EOI:
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| DOI:
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