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Parkinson’s Disease: An Introduction to the Causes and Management Strategies
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| Author:
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ASHFAQ AHMAD SHAH, KHUSHI KASHYAP, AMIT GUPTA
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| Abstract:
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Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurological illness that affects 50 to 328 people worldwide per lakh. Over the age of 65, PD affects more than 1% of the population, and the prevalence and incidence rates increase with age. Parkinson's disease, also known as paralysis agitans, is a common neurodegenerative ailment that causes tremor, inflexibility, and difficulty in standing, walking, balancing, and synchronising one's motions. The idiopathic breakdown of dopamine-secreting cells in the substantia nigra, which is situated in the midbrain is deemed to be main cause of Parkinson’s disease. Three "cardinal indications" of Parkinson's disease include stationary tremor, cogwheel stiffness, and bradykinesia. Spasticity is the fourth cardinal indication, and it is generally a late manifestation of Parkinson's disease. Symptoms that develop irregularly and a symptomatic response to L-dopa are also common occurrences. The lack of a reference standard test makes diagnosing Parkinson's disease challenging While the incorporation of Levodopa is restricted due to the onset of motor inconsistencies and drug-triggered dyskinesias, it remains the mainstay of therapeutic intervention for Parkinson's disease. Dopamine agonists (DAs), alone or in conjunction with Levodopa, are also prescribed. Dopamine agonists invigorate natural dopamine by directly acting on dopamine receptors. Another category of medications termed Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors boost dopamine levels in the basal ganglia by suppressing catabolism of dopamine. By slowing dopamine decomposition, catechol O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors also extend the half-life of L-dopa in the peripheral nervous system. Despite the huge variety of Parkinson's disease treatments available, ever victim needs L-dopa at some point in the treatment regimen. Individuals with Parkinson's disease who react to treatments but have uncontrollable adverse effects may want to explore surgery. Ablative techniques (thalamotomy or pallidotomy), tissue transplantation, and deep brain stimulation (DBS), are among the surgical alternatives. Although the precise origin of Parkinson's disease is unclear, it is hypothesized that a potentiator is the interplay of genetic, oxidative stress and environmental variables.
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| Keyword:
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Parkinson's disease, L-dopa, Movement disorder, Dopaminergic Medication
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| EOI:
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| DOI:
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https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2020.12.04.698
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| Download:
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