|
Direct and Indirect Cost of Diabetes Mellitus in Indonesia: A Prevalence Based Study with Human Capital Approach
|
|
| Author:
|
SUSI ARI KRISTINA, DWI ENDARTI, TRI MURTI ANDAYANI, ANNA WAHYUNI WIDAYANTI
|
| Abstract:
|
Background: Diabetes causes not only many serious complications but also a high economic burden worldwide. This study aims to estimate the cost-of-illness of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indonesia.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 2019 to involve 2550 patients with type 2 diabetes from eight hospitals that provide primary to tertiary health care services in Indonesia. A face-to-face interview was carried out based on a self-designed structured questionnaire to collect non-clinical data. The clinical data were obtained by reviewing patients' medical records and the hospitalization data was achieved by reviewing hospital records. A bottom-up methodology based on the patients' perspective was used to calculate the cost. The direct costs for each patient were calculated by a micro-costing approach while the indirect costs for each patient and their attendants were calculated by the human capital approach.
Results: Of 2550 participants, 52.55% were female. The participants' mean age was 54.5 years and more than half of participants had diabetes for 5-10 years (53.18%). The mean annual cost was US$1207.8±673.4 per patient. The average annual cost was US$ 1207.8 per patient. The direct cost had the largest share of the overall cost (87.95%) with medicine cost as the major contributor followed by general practitioners' visit. The average annual cost of the use of insulin combined with an oral hypoglycaemic agent, the presence of both hypertension and dyslipidemia, and poor HbA1c levels were the highest in each characteristic group.
Conclusion: The cost of diabetes treatment in Indonesia is substantially high with medicine and general practitioners visit costs as the major contributors. Positive lifestyle changes are fairly needed to enhance diabetes management that could help the prevention of comorbidities and complications, and thus, will reduce the cost.
|
| Keyword:
|
diabetes mellitus, human capital approach, direct cost, indirect cost, Indonesia
|
| EOI:
|
-
|
| DOI:
|
https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2021.13.01.331
|
| Download:
|
Request For Article
|
|
|